How population cap changes decisions
When your troops are far below cap, waiting can be profitable because interest still compounds. When your troops approach cap, the growth curve flattens and you need more land, cities, or a smart attack.
Cities raise the ceiling. Factories improve recovery. Both are strongest when placed behind safe borders rather than exposed frontline tiles.
How to read the simulator
If the growth curve climbs sharply, you can afford to pause and rebuild. If the curve flattens early, the tool will recommend expansion, a city, or a controlled attack.
Use this together with the attack ratio calculator: first decide whether you should spend troops, then decide how many to send.